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Medical Research
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Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Explained
A systematic review vs meta-analysis comparison comes down to method versus maths. A systematic review answers a question by summarizing…
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Phases of Clinical Trials Explained
Phase What a positive result can show Planning use Phase 1 trial Safety and dosage in a small group, often…
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Relative Risk vs Absolute Risk in Health News
Relative risk vs absolute risk comes down to a ratio versus a gap. Relative figures compare groups, while absolute figures…
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Correlation vs Causation in Medical Studies: Key Differences
What the data show What it supports Planning use Correlation coefficient (r) near 0 No meaningful correlation between the variables…
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What Peer Review Means and Its Limits
What is peer review in medical journals? It is the process in which experts in the same field assess a…
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How to Read a P-Value and Confidence Interval
What is a p-value in medical research? It is the probability, under a specified statistical model, of a result as…
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How to Find Clinical Trial Results on ClinicalTrials.gov
Symptom First action Planning use A news story reports a result but gives no trial identifier Search ClinicalTrials.gov for the…
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How to Read a Medical Study: Step by Step
Quick answer: To learn how to read a medical study, read the abstract for orientation, then the methods, then the…
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Primary and Secondary Endpoints in Clinical Trials
The primary endpoint vs secondary endpoint distinction comes down to purpose: the primary endpoint is the basis for deciding whether…
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How the FDA Approves New Drugs
A headline says a drug is “FDA approved”. So how does the FDA approve a new drug? Sponsors test it…